Das Lehnswesen: Grundlage der Herrs

Das Lehnswesen: Grundlage der Herrschaft: Der König ist der Kopf des Reiches, aber ohne Hilfe und Unterstützung kann man große Reiche nicht erfolgreich regieren. Einen Grundpfeiler der mittelalterlichen Herrschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnung bildete das Lehnswesen, das durch die Bindung zwischen Personen gekennzeichnet war, wodurch das Fehlen zentraler politischer Strukturen kompensiert werden sollte. Wie war dieses Lehnswesen aufgebaut und wie funktionierte es?
Für die Könige war das Lehnswesen die Klammer, mit der Sie ihre Gefolgsleute und Amtsträger an sich banden. Deren Aufgabe war es, dafür im Gegenzug die Macht des Herrschers vor Ort zur Geltung zu bringen. Es gab in diesem System nichts was mit den Strukturen eines modernen Staates vergleichbar gewesen wäre. Im Gegensatz zum modernen Staat konnte der mittelalterliche Herrscher seine Macht nur dort durchsetzen, wo er entweder persönlich vor Ort anwesend war oder über zuverlässige Gefolgsleute verfügte. Ein solches System weltlicher Machtausübung wird als Personenverbandsstaat bezeichnet, da die Ordnung aus einem komplizierten Geflecht persönlicher Abhängigkeiten und Beziehungen entsteht. Herrschaft beruht auf einem Verband von per. Personen, auf der persönlichen Beziehung von Herr und Untergebenem. Die Durchsetzungsfähigkeit und Macht des Herrschenden basierte somit vor allem auf persönlichen Abhängigkeitsverhältnissen.
Viele mittelalterliche Buchmalereien zeigen, wie der Vorgang einer Lehensübergabe in der Regel ablief: Der Lehnsnehmer (Vasall) 'et vor seinem zukünftigen Herren, der als Zeichen seines Schutzes die gefalteten Hände des Vasallen mit seinen Händen umschließt. Zugleich schwört der Vasall einen Treueid und bekommt als Gegenleistung das Lehen in symbolischer Form überreicht. In diesem Treueid verpflichtete sich der Lehnsempfänger (Vasall) dem mächtigeren Herrn gegenüber zu Dienst und Gehorsam. Im Gegenzug erlangte er vom Lehnsherrn dafür Schutz und materielle Versorgung. Der Lehnsherr stattete seinen Vasallen mit einem Lehen aus, das in der Regel aus Grundbesitz bestand. Der Begriff „Lehen" sagt schon aus, dass die Lehnsempfänger das Landgebiet mit den Menschen, die dort wohnten, nicht geschenkt, sondern nur geliehen bekamen, und zwar ursprünglich nur auf Lebenszeit. Mit dem Tod des Vasallen fiel es zurück an den Lehnsherrn.
Dieser Grundbesitz sowie die ihn bearbeitenden Menschen bildeten die Existenzgrundlage des Vasallen. Allerdings wurde die landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche hier- bei nicht von den Lehnsempfängern selbst bebaut. Als sogenannte Grundherren ließen sie die Landflächen von unfreien Bauern bewirtschaften. Dafür mussten diese ihrem sogenannten Grundherrn Abgaben und Frondienste (Arbeit) leisten.
Wichtig und entscheidend für eine stabile Königsherrschaft war es also, seine Vasallen durch die Vergabe von Lehen so zu versorgen, dass sie in der Lage und bereit waren, ihren Verpflichtungen dem König gegenüber nachzukommen. Denn der König selbst verfügte nur über ein kleines Aufgebot von Rittern zur unmittelbaren eigenen Machtsicherung und persönlichen Sicherheit und war daher im Kriegsfall unbedingt auf die Unterstützung Seiner Vasallen angewiesen. Für die Durchsetzung und Sicherung Herrschaft waren gute persönliche Bindungen zwischen dem König und seinen Vasallen daher von entscheidender Bedeutung, zumal die Vasallen — ähnlich wie Beamte in modernen — auch andere Verwaltungstätigkeiten und Staaten zum Teil auch Rechtsprechung im Namen des Königs übernehmen mussten.

Ergebnisse (Englisch) 1:

The feudal system: Base of the rule: the King is the head of the Empire, but you can not successfully govern large Empires without help and support. The feudal system, which was characterized by the bond between people, which should be compensated for the lack of central political structures formed a cornerstone of the medieval domination and social order. How this feudal system was built and how it worked? For the Kings, the feudal system was the bracket where you tied their followers and officials in itself. Whose job was it to bring the power of the ruler on the spot in return. In this system, there was nothing which would have been comparable with the structures of a modern State. In contrast to the modern State of medieval rulers could enforce only its power, where he personally was present on the spot or reliable followers had. Such a system of secular power is called person Association State, because the order will emerge from a complex network of personal dependencies and relationships. Rule is based on a Federation of via. People, on the personal relationship of Mr and servant. The authority and power of the ruling was based thus mainly due to personal circumstances of dependency. Many medieval book paintings show how the operation of a fief transfer usually took place: the feudal holder (vassal) ' et before his future master, which wraps the clasped hands of the minions with his hands as a sign of his protection. At the same time, the vassal swears an oath of allegiance and receives in return the fief in symbolic form. In this oath of allegiance, the feudal receiver (vassal) committed to service and obedience the powerful Lord. In return, he gained for protection and material supply from the Liege Lord. The feudal Lord endowed his vassals with a fief, which usually consisted of real estate. Already, the term "Fief" says that Lehn recipients got not given, but only borrowed the territory with the people who lived there, and originally only on lifetime. With the death of the vassals, it was returned to the Liege Lord. This real estate, as well as the people that want him formed the basis of existence of the vassals. However, agricultural land was here when even built not by the feudal assignees. As a so-called landlords, they farm the land of unfree peasants. For they had to do their so-called reason Lord duties and compulsory labour (work). It was important and crucial for a stable Kingdom of so to provide, that they were able and willing to fulfil their obligations the King over his vassals by awarding fiefs. Because the King himself had only a small contingent of Knights to the immediate securing of own power and personal security and was instructed in case of war necessarily on the support of his vassals. For the enforcement and assurance of good personal ties between the King and his vassals therefore of crucial importance, especially since the minions - were similar to rule as civil servants in modern - had to take other administrative activities and States also case-law in the name of the King.

Ergebnisse (Englisch) 2:

The feudal system: the basis of the rule of the king is the head of the empire, but without the help and support you can not successfully govern great empires. A cornerstone of the medieval domination and social order was the feudal system, which was characterized by the bond between people, so that the lack of central political structures should be compensated. How was this feudal structured and how it worked?
For the Kings, the feudal system was the clip that lets you bind their followers and officials per se. Their task was to bring in return for the power of the ruler on the spot to advantage. There was nothing in this system which would have been comparable to the structures of a modern state. In contrast to the modern state of the medieval ruler was able to assert his power only where he was present in person on the spot or had reliable followers. Such a system exercising worldly power is referred to as persons member State, because the order arises from a complex web of personal relationships and dependencies. Rule is based on an association of per. People, on the personal relationship of master and subordinate. The assertiveness and power of the ruling class therefore based mainly on personal dependency ratios.
Show many medieval illuminated manuscripts, such as the operation of a fief handover usually proceeded: The Lehnsnehmer (vassal) 'et before his future gentlemen, as a sign of his protection the folded hands of vassals encloses with his hands. At the same time the vassal swears an oath of allegiance and receives in return the fief in symbolic form presents. This allegiance to the Lehnsempfänger (vassal) committed against the powerful Lord to service and obedience. In return he received from the lord for protection and material support. The lord paid his vassals from a fief, which consisted of land usually. The term "fief" indicates already that the Lehnsempfänger the countryside with the people who lived there, not given, but only lent got, and although originally only for life. With the death of the vassal it fell back to the feudal lord.
This land and the people he worked were the livelihood of vassals. However, the agricultural area was hereby not built in from the Lehnsempfängern itself. As so-called landlords they left the land of the unfree peasants farming. But they had to their so-called landlord duties and compulsory labor (labor ) afford.
Important and crucial for a stable kingship was thus to supply his vassals by awarding fiefs so that they were ready and able to meet its obligations to the king. And the king himself had only a little contingent of knights for immediate own power backup and personal safety and was therefore dependent vassals in the event of war necessarily on the support of his. For enforcement and securing dominion good personal ties between the king and his vassals were therefore crucial, especially as the vassal - like civil servants in modern - had other administrative activities and States sometimes take over jurisdiction in the king's name.

Ergebnisse (Englisch) 3:

the lehnswesen: basis of the rule: the king is the head of the empire, but, without the help and support, you can in the successful rule. a cornerstone of the medieval dominant and society was the lehnswesen, the relationship between people is verythus the absence of central political structures should be compensated. how was this lehnswesen built and how did it work?
for the kings was the lehnswesen the brackets, with their followers and officers in gangs. their job was, in exchange for the power of the ruler in place to play.there was nothing in this system with the structure of a modern state would have been comparable. in contrast to the modern state of the medieval ruler of his power to prevail there, where he either personally present on the ground or on reliable henchmen had. such a system of secular power as personenverbandsstaat)since the order for a complex web of personal dependence and relationship. rule based on an association of per. people on the personal relationship of master and untergebenem. the authority and power of the ruling is based above all on personal abhängigkeitsverhältnissen. in many medieval buchmalereien showas the process of lehensübergabe usually expired: the lehnsnehmer (vassal) and before his future masters, as a sign of its protection of the folded hands of vassals with his hands around. at the same time, the vassal homage and swears a receives in exchange the fief given in symbolic form.in the oath of loyalty to the lehnsempfänger undertook (vassal) to the more powerful mr to service and obedience. in return he received from lord for protection and material supply. the manor, his henchman with a fief, usually from real estate stock. the concept of „lehen "says, the lehnsempfänger the land with the people